Factors associated with seroimmunity against tick borne encephalitis virus 10 years after booster vaccination

In a sample of originally 430 healthy adults (18–84 years of age) with documented basic and booster immunization against tick borne encephalitis, cumulative seroprotection rates 8 (n = 178) and 10 years (n = 183) after the last booster dose were 86.8% and 77.3% according to the neutralization test, respectively. In subjects aged 50 years and older, antibody titers were significantly lower compared to subjects younger than 50 years. History of any allergy but not previous exposure to other flaviviral antigens was associated with higher neutralization titers. In subjects with waning immunity, a single booster dose induced a strong anamnestic antibody response.     

Determining the effectiveness of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine against rotavirus hospitalizations and emergency department visits using two study designs

The objective of this study is to determine the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RV5) for preventing rotavirus-related hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits during the 2006–07 and 2007–08 rotavirus seasons using two study designs. Active, prospective population-based surveillance was conducted to identify cases of laboratory-confirmed rotavirus-related hospitalizations and ED visits to be used in case-cohort and case-control designs. VE was calculated using one comparison group for the case-cohort method and two comparison groups for the case-control method. The VE estimates produced by the three analyses were similar. Three doses of RV5 were effective for preventing rotavirus-related hospitalizations and ED visits in each analysis, with VE estimated as 92% in all three analyses. Two doses of RV5 were also effective, with VE ranging from 79% to 83%. A single dose was effective in the case-cohort analysis, but was not significant in either of the case-control analyses. The case-cohort and the case-control study designs produced the same VE point estimates for completion of the three dose series. Two and three doses of RV5 were effective in preventing rotavirus-related hospitalizations and ED visits.     

Systematic review of reporting rates of adverse events following immunization: An international comparison of post-marketing surveillance programs with reference to China

Background

China is the most populous country in the world, with an annual birth cohort of approximately 16 million, requiring an average of 500 million vaccine doses administered annually. In China, over 30 domestic and less than 10 overseas vaccine manufacturers supply over 60 licensed vaccine products, representing a growing vaccine market mainly due to recent additions to the national immunization schedule, but data on post-marketing surveillance for adverse events following immunization (AEFI) are sparse.

Objectives

To compare reporting rates for various categories of AEFI from China with other routine post-marketing surveillance programs internationally.

Methods

Systematic review of published studies reporting rates of AEFI by vaccine, category of reaction and age from post-marketing surveillance systems in English and Chinese languages.

Results

Overall AEFI reporting rates (all vaccines, all ages) in Chinese studies were consistent with those from similar international studies elsewhere, but there was substantial heterogeneity in regional reporting rates in China (range 2.3–37.8/100,000 doses). The highest AEFI reporting rates were for diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis whole-cell (DTwP) and acellular (DTaP) vaccines (range 3.3–181.1/100,000 doses for DTwP; range 3.5–92.6/100,000 doses for DTaP), with higher median rates for DTwP than DTaP, and higher than expected rates for DTaP vaccine. Similar higher rates for DTwP and DTaP containing vaccines, and relatively lower rates for vaccines against hepatitis B virus, poliovirus, and Japanese encephalitis virus were found in China and elsewhere in the world.

Conclusions

Overall AEFI reporting rates in China were consistent with similar post-marketing surveillance systems in other countries. Sources of regional heterogeneity in AEFI reporting rates, and their relationships to differing vaccine manufacturers versus differing surveillance practices, require further exploration.     

Legal considerations surrounding mandatory influenza vaccination for healthcare workers in the United States

Recent years have brought increased focus on the desirability of vaccinating more healthcare workers against influenza. The concern that novel 2009 H1N1 influenza A would spark a particularly severe influenza season in 2009–2010 spurred several institutions and one state to institute mandatory vaccination policies for healthcare workers, and several new mandates have been introduced since then. Some healthcare workers, however, have voiced objections in the media and in legal proceedings. This paper reviews the characteristics of influenza and how it is transmitted in the healthcare setting; surveys possible constitutional, administrative, and common law arguments against mandates; assesses the viability of those arguments; and identifies potential new legal strategies to support influenza vaccine mandates. It is intended to assist those involved in the regulation and administration of public and private healthcare institutions who may be considering approaches to mandates but have concerns about legal challenges.     

对药典规定中药饮片用量的分析

2010年版《中国药典》一部对药材和饮片的用量和用法进行了规定,提供了绝大部分饮片的用量范围.该文采用描述性统计方法,探讨药典中饮片的最大剂量、最小剂量及剂量阈值的分布,比较有毒和无毒中药的用量特点.《中国药典》(2010年版)共录入药物617种,除16种未规定剂量,饮片最常见的最小剂量是3 g,最大剂量是10 g,剂量阈值是6 g.经比较发现,对有毒药物用量的规定比无毒药物严格;与经方本原剂量和临床实际用量比较,药典中规定的剂量阈值较窄;药典规定可用于食品或保健食品的药物与其他药物剂量相差不大.     

青年人接种不同剂量、不同产地乙肝疫苗后免疫效果观察

目的 观察不同剂量、不同产地重组酵母乙肝疫苗(YDV)接种后的安全性和免疫学效果.方法 对年龄在18～35岁的青年人分3组采用不同剂量,不同产地,但均按0、1、6个月程序作乙肝疫苗免疫注射,对第三针免疫注射后1个月的HBsAb阳性率情况作统计分析.结果 两组HBsAb阳转率分别是:Ⅰ组75.0％,Ⅱ组93.30％.x2=10.857 3,P＜ 0.017,两组对比差异有统计学意义,Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组对比差异无统计学意义.3组在全程免疫注射后,未有明显局部和全身不良反应.结论 YDV对青年人具有良好的免疫原性和安全性.采用较大剂量YDV的免疫效果明显优于低剂量组,不同产地的YDV免疫效果无明显区别.     

潜江市扩大国家免疫规划工作现状调查

目的了解潜江市扩大国家免疫规划进展情况,及时发现工作中存在的问题和薄弱环节,为解决问题提供科学依据,促进免疫规划工作健康发展。方法采取查阅资料、入户调查和问卷访谈等方式在全市范围内进行调查。结果潜江市建立了比较完善的管理体系和专业队伍,儿童基础免疫各疫苗上报接种率均达到99％以上,“老五苗”入户调查接种率均高于90％,但部分流动儿童管理不到位。结论潜江市扩大国家免疫规划总体上运行良好,但也存在一些问题。     

Implementation of a new clinical practice guideline regarding pain management during childhood vaccine injections

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the impact of a multifaceted knowledge translation strategy for a new vaccination pain management guideline on public health immunizers’ attitudes, beliefs and use of pain-relieving strategies during childhood vaccination.

METHOD:

Using a randomized controlled pre-post study design, public health nurses (PHNs) at intervention sites received a multifaceted knowledge translation intervention about new pain management guidelines incorporated in the British Columbia Immunization Program Manual, including education, supplies and online support. Attitudes and beliefs of PHNs toward immunization pain and pain management, and use of pain-relieving strategies were compared for the intervention sites between the pre- and postimplementation phases.

RESULTS:

A total of 516 children were immunized by 31 PHNs pre- and postimplementation in the intervention sites. Postimplementation, satisfaction and confidence with ability to manage pain and willingness to use newly recommended strategies were significantly more positive (P<0.05) in the intervention sites, and overall use of at least one newly recommended strategy increased from 49.8% preintervention to 77.6% postimplementation (P<0.001).

CONCLUSION:

The knowledge translation intervention improved PHN immunizers’ attitudes, beliefs and practices regarding paediatric vaccination pain management. Reducing pain may result in a better immunization experience for children, caregivers and immunizers.     

芜湖市2010～2012年疑似预防接种异常反应监测分析

目的分析芜湖市疑似预防接种异常反应（AEFI）的发生特征,评价AEFI监测系统运转情况、预防接种质量和疫苗安全性,探讨AEFI防范措施。方法通过疑似预防接种异常反应信息管理系统收集全市2010-2012年AEFI个案数据,采用描述性方法对AEFI监测的相关指标进行流行病学分析。结果 2010~2012年全市共报告AEFI 308例,其中一般反应257例（83.44%）,异常反应49例（15.91%）,偶合症2例（0.65%）。各县均有AEFI报告县与预防接种门诊AEFI报告覆盖率分别为100.00%、93.55%;48h内报告率为97.40%,48h内调查率为100.00%。81.82%的AEFI发生于疫苗接种后1d内。89.94%的AEFI发生于0~2岁及6岁儿童。临床诊断以发热、红肿、硬结及过敏性反应为主。AEFI报告发生率为12.10/10万,其中一般反应为10.10/10万,异常反应为1.93/10万。85.06%的AEFI发生于国家免疫规划（NIP）疫苗,69.81%的AEFI发生于第一剂次疫苗接种;不良反应发生较多的疫苗分别为无细胞百白破疫苗（39.29%）、白破疫苗（15.26%）、A＋C群流脑结合疫苗（7.79%）、23价肺炎疫苗（5.19%）、麻风疫苗（4.87%）。NIP疫苗与第二类疫苗的一般反应与异常反应发生率差异无统计学意义（χ2一般反应=2.29,P〉0.05;χ2异常反应=0.46,P〉0.05）。结论目前芜湖市AEFI监测系统运行状况良好,AEFI监测较为敏感。     

流动人口艾滋病知识健康教育干预模式探讨

目的探讨利用免疫规划网络平台开展流动人口艾滋病知识健康教育,并观察评估效果。方法选取芜湖市市区流动人口集中的10家预防接种门诊作为本次研究现场,随机从每个接种门诊抽取一定数量流动人口进行艾滋病知识的基线调查;根据预先设计的干预方案对流动人口开展艾滋病知识健康教育;干预一年后,再次随机抽取样本进行调查,观察干预前后艾滋病防治知识、知晓率,评价干预活动的效果。结果流动人口干预前后知识知晓率分别为69.35%和94.00%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=107.96,P0.01)。结论依托免疫规划网络系统开展流动人口艾滋病知识健康干预效果较好,是艾滋病综合防治的一种值得探索的模式。